Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 3

All Poppy could think of was the pretty bald girl inthe gift shop. Cancer. â€Å"But-but they can do something about it, can'tthey?† she said, and even to her own ears her voice sounded very young. â€Å"I mean-if they had to, theycould take my pancreasout†¦.† â€Å"Oh, sweetheart, of course. â€Å"Poppy's mother took Poppy in her arms. â€Å"I promise you; if there's some thing wrong, we'll do anything and everything to fix it. I'd go to the ends of the earth to make you well. You knowthat. And at this point we aren't even sure that there issomething wrong. Dr. Franklin said that it's extremely rare for teenagers to get a tumor in the pancreas. Extremely rare. So let's not worry about things until we have to.† Poppy felt herself relax; the pit was covered again. But somewhere near her core she still felt cold. â€Å"I haveto call James.† Her mother nodded. â€Å"Just make it quick.† Poppy kept her fingers crossed as she dialedJames's apartment. Please be there, please be there, she thought. And for once, he was. He answered laconically, but as soon as he heard her voice, he said, â€Å"What's wrong?† â€Å"Nothing-well, everything. Maybe.† Poppy heardherself give a wild sort of laugh. It wasn't exactly alaugh. â€Å"What happened?† James said sharply. â€Å"Did youhave a fight with Cliff?† â€Å"No. Cliff's at the office. And I'm going into thehospital.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"They think I might have cancer.† It was a tremendous relief to say it, a sort of emo tional release. Poppy laughed again. Silence on the other end of the line. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"I'm here,† James said. Then he said, â€Å"I'm coming over.† â€Å"No, there's no point. I've got to leave in a minute.† She waited for him to say that he'd come and see her in the hospital, but he didn't. â€Å"James, would you do something for me? Wouldyou find out whatever you can about cancer in the pancreas? Just in case.† â€Å"Is that what they think you have?† â€Å"They don't know for sure. They're giving me some tests. I just hope they don't have to use any needles.† Another laugh, but inside she was reeling. She wished James would say something comforting.†I'll see what I can find on the Net.† His voice was unemotional, almost expressionless. â€Å"And then you can tell me later-they'll probablylet you call me at the hospital.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"Okay, I have to go. My mom's waitin†Ã¢â‚¬ Take care of yourself.† Poppy hung up, feeling empty. Her mother wasstanding in the doorway.†Come on, Poppet. Let's go.† James sat very still, looking at the phone withoutseeing it. She was scared, and he couldn't help her. He'dnever been very good at inspirational small talk. It wasn't, he thought grimly, in his nature. To give comfort you had to have a comfortableview of the world. And James had seen too much of the world to have any illusions. He could deal with cold facts, though. Pushingaside a pile of assorted clutter, he turned on his lap top and dialed up the Internet. Within minutes he was using Gopher to search theNational Cancer Institute's CancerNet. The first file he found was listed as â€Å"Pancreatic cancer-Patient.†He scanned it. Stuff about what the pancreas did,stages of thedisease, treatments.Nothingtoo gruesome. Thenhewentinto â€Å"PancreaticcancerPhysician–a file meant for doctors. The first lineheld him paralyzed. Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is rarely curable. His eyes skimmed down the lines. Overall survival rate †¦ metastasis †¦ poor response to chemotherapy, ra diation therapy and surgery †¦ pain †¦ Pain. Poppy was brave, but facing constant painwould crush anyone. Especially when the outlook for the future was so bleak. He looked at the top of the article again. Overallsurvival rate less than three percent. If the cancer had spread, less than one percent. There must be more information. James wentsearching again and came up with several articles from newspapers and medical journals. They wereeven worse than the NCI file. The overwhelming majority of patients will die, and dieswiftly, experts say†¦. Pancreatic cancer is usually inoperable, rapid, and debilitatingly painful†¦. The averagesurvival if the cancer has spread can be three weeks tothree months†¦. Three weeks to three months. James stared at the laptop's screen. His chest andthroat felt tight; his vision was blurry. He tried to control it, telling himself that nothing was certain yet. Poppy was being tested, that didn't mean she had cancer. But the words rang hollow in his mind. He had known for some time that something was wrong with Poppy. Something was-disturbed-inside her.He'd sensed that the rhythms of her body wereslightly off; he could tell she was losing sleep. Andthe pain-he always knew when the pain was there.He just hadn't realized how serious it was. Poppy knows, too, he thought. Deep down, she knows that something very bad is going on, or she wouldn't have asked me to find this out. But whatdoes she expect me to do, walk in and tell her she's going to die in a few months? And am I supposed to stand around and watch it? His lips pulled back from his teeth slightly. Not anice smile, more of a savage grimace. He'd seen a lot of death in seventeen years. He knew the stages ofdying, knew the difference between the moment breathing stopped and the moment the brain turnedoff; knew the unmistakable ghostlike pallor of a freshcorpse. The way the eyeballs flattened out about five minutes after expiration. Now, that was a detail most people weren't familiar with. Five minutes after you die, your eyes go flat and filmy gray. And then your body starts to shrink. You actually get smaller. Poppy was so small already. He'd always been afraid of hurting her. She lookedso fragile, and he could hurt somebody much stronger if he wasn't careful. That was one reason hekept a certain distance between them. One reason. Not the main one. The other was something he couldn't put intowords, not even to himself. It brought him right up to the edge of the forbidden. To face rules that had been ingrained in him since birth. None of the Night People could fall in love with ahuman. The sentence for breaking the law was death. It didn't matter. He knew what he hadto do now.Where he had to go. Cold and precise, James loggedoff the Net. Hestood, picked up his sunglasses, slid them into place. Went out into the merciless June sunlight, slamminghis apartment door behind him. Poppy looked around the hospital room unhappily.There was nothing so awful about it, except that it was too cold, but †¦it was a hospital. That was thetruth behind thepretty pink-and-blue curtains and the dosed-circuit TV and the dinner menu decoratedwith cartoon characters. It was a place you didn't come unless you were Pretty Darn Sick. Oh, come on, she told herself. Cheerup a little.What happened to the power of Poppytive thinking? Where's Poppyanna when you need her? Where'sMary Poppy-ins? God, I'm even making myself gag, she thought. But she found herselfsmilingfaintly, with selfdeprecating humor if nothing else. And the nurses were nice here, and the bed wasextremely cool.Ithad a remote control on theside that bent it intoevery imaginable position. Her mother came in while shewas playing with it. â€Å"I got hold of Cliff; he'll be herelater. Meanwhile,I think you'd better change so you're ready for the tests.† Poppy looked at the blue-and-white striped seersucker hospital robe and felt a painful spasm that seemed to reach from her stomach to her back. And something in the deepest part of her said Please, not yet. I'll never be ready. James pulled his Integra into a parking space on Ferry Street near Stoneham. It wasn't a nice part of town. Tourists visiting Los Angeles avoided this area. The building was sagging and decrepit. Severalstores were vacant, with cardboard taped over broken windows. Graffiti covered the peeling paint on thecinder-block walls. Even the smog seemed to hang thicker here. Theair itself seemed yellow and cloying. Like a poisonous miasma, it darkened the brightest day and made everything look unreal and ominous. James walked around to the back of the building.There, among the freight entrances of the stores in front, was one door unmarked by graffiti. The signabove it had no words. Just a picture of a blackflower. A black iris. James knocked. The door opened two inches, anda skinny kid in a wrinkled T-shirt peered out with beady eyes. â€Å"It's me, Ulf,† James said, resisting the temptationto kick the door in. Werewolves, he thought. Why do they have to be so territorial? World. I don't want to break any laws. I just wanther well.† The slanted blue eyes were searching his face. â€Å"Areyou sure you haven't broken the laws already?† And when James looked determined not to understand this, she added in a lowered voice, â€Å"Are you sure you're not in love with her?† James made himself meet the probing gaze directly. He spoke softly and dangerously. â€Å"Don't say that unless you want a fight.† Gisele looked away. She played with her ring. Thecandle flame dwindled and died. â€Å"James, I've known you for a long time,† she saidwithout looking up. â€Å"I don't want to get you in trouble. I believe you when you say you haven't brokenany laws–but I think we'd both better forget this conversation. Just walk out now and I'll pretend itnever happened.† â€Å"And the spell?† â€Å"There's no such thing. And if there was, Iwouldn't help you. Just go.† James went.There was one other possibility that he couldthink of. He drove to Brentwood, to an area thatwas as different from the last as a diamond is fromcoal. He parked in a covered carport by a quaint adobe building with a fountain. Red and purplebougainvillaea climbed up the walls to the Spanishtile on the roof. Walking through an archway into a courtyard, hecame to an office with gold letters on the door. Jasper R. Rasmussen, Ph.D. His father was a psychologist. Before he could reach for the handle, the dooropened and a woman came out. She was like mostof his father's clients, forty-something, obviously rich, wearing a designer jogging suit and high-heeled sandals. She looked a little dazed and dreamy, and therewere two small, rapidly healing puncture wounds on her neck. James went into the office. There was a waitingroom, but no receptionist. Strains of Mozart came from the inner office. James knocked on the door. â€Å"Dad?† The door opened to reveal a handsome man withdark hair. He was wearing a perfectly tailored gray suit and a shirt with French cuffs. He had an aura of power and purpose. But not of warmth. He said, â€Å"What is it, James?† in the same voice he used for his clients: thoughtful, deliberate, confident. â€Å"Do you have a minute?† His father glanced at his Rolex. â€Å"As a matter offact, my next patient won't be here for half an hour.† â€Å"There's something I need to talk about.† His father looked at him keenly, then gestured to an overstuffed chair. James eased into it, but found himself pulling forward to sit on the edge. â€Å"What's on your mind?† James searched for the right words. Everything depended on whether he could make his father under stand. But what were the right words? At last hesettled for bluntness. â€Å"It's Poppy. She's been sick for a while, and nowthey think she has cancer.† Dr. Rasmussen looked surprised. â€Å"I'm sorry to hearthat.† But there was no sorrow in his voice. â€Å"And it's a bad cancer. It's incredibly painful andjust about one hundred percent incurable.† â€Å"That's a pity.† Again there was nothing but mildsurprise in his father's voice. And suddenly James knew where that came from. It wasn't surprise thatPoppy was sick; it was surprise that James had made a trip just to tell him this. â€Å"Dad, if she's got this cancer, she's dying. Doesn'tthat mean anything to you?† Dr. Rasmussen steepled his fingers and stared intothe ruddy gloss of his mahoganydesk. He spoke slowly and steadily. â€Å"James, we've been through this before. You know that your mother and I are worried about you getting too dose to Poppy. Too . . . attached †¦to her.† James felt a surge of cold rage. â€Å"Like I got tooattached to Miss Emma?† His father didn't blink. â€Å"Something like that.† James fought the pictures that wanted to form inhis mind. He couldn't think about Miss Emma now; he needed to be detached. That was the only way to convince his father. â€Å"Dad, what I'm trying to say is that I've knownPoppy just about all my life. She's useful to me.† â€Å"How? Not in the obvious way. You've never fedon her, have you?† James swallowed, feeling nauseated. Feed onPoppy? Use her like that? Even the thought of it made him sick. â€Å"Dad, she's my friend,† he said, abandoning anypretense of objectivity. â€Å"I can't just watch her suffer. I can't. I have to do something about it.† His father's face cleared. â€Å"I see.† James felt dizzy with astonished relief. â€Å"Youunderstand?† â€Å"James, at times one can't help a certain feeling of . . .compassion for humans. In general, I wouldn't encourage it-but you have known Poppya long while. You feel pity for her suffering. If youwant to make that suffering shorter, then, yes, Iunderstand.† The relief crashed down around James. He stared at his father for a few seconds, then said softly, â€Å"Mercy killing? I thought the Elders had put a banon deaths in this area.† â€Å"Just be reasonably discreet about it. As long as itseems to be natural, we'll all look the other way. There won't be any reason to call in the Elders.† There was a metallic taste in James's mouth. Hestood and laughed shortly. â€Å"Thanks, Dad. You've really helped a lot.† His father didn't seem to hear the sarcasm. â€Å"Gladto do it, James. By the way, how are things at the apartments?† â€Å"Fine,† James said emptily. â€Å"And at school?† â€Å"School's over, Dad,† James said, and let himselfout. In the courtyard he leaned against an adobe walland stared at the splashing water of the fountain. He was out of options. Out of hope. The laws ofthe Night World said so. If Poppy had the disease, she would die from it.

Ethics of Welfare and Government Assistance

Patrick Cassidy PHL 215 3/23/10 Ethics of Welfare and Government Assistance When the topic of welfare is brought into an ethical discussion most individuals would surely see it as an ethical act that genuinely helps those in need. This is true to an extent, but is it possible that welfare does more harm than good? Most would argue that the hand out of money to those less fortunate is being socially responsible. The question that drives this ethical issue is where does social responsibility end and personal responsibility pick up? This question is difficult to answer because every family in need is in a different situation. Government benefits are supposed to be used as a crutch for families to get back on their feet, but about twenty percent of all families receiving welfare stay on the program for more than five years. {text:bibliography-mark} This is the base of ethical issues surrounding government assistance and social responsibility for the needy. Many individuals believe that receiving a government hand-out allows people to become satisfied with being on welfare. If programs like food stamps and welfare aren’t effective, they are essentially a black hole for the tax dollars of working Americans. There is no denying the fact that there are needy families out there who are so impoverished that they need aid, but it is nearly impossible to separate the abusers from the desperate. It is for this reason many arguments can be made for both sides of government assistance. The most common question is, how far should a government’s social responsibility stretch? The issuing of government benefits derived from tax dollars is a strong ethical dilemma that has both social and economical repercussions. text:bibliography-mark} The first way to look at this problem from an ethical and moral point of view would be from the psychological egoist perspective. An egoist is a person who believes all that matters in moral issues are the elements that deal with self. They are believers that all people’s decisions in life are based on selfishnes s. Therefore, if welfare were a charity, rather than a government run program, the psychological egoists of the world probably would most likely not contribute. On the other side of the coin, psychological egoism would suggest that all people who qualify for government benefits would try to collect these benefits. That is where psychological egoism falls short of defining exactly how humans behave. Social stigmas associated with government assistance keeps some individuals from applying. This shows that selfishness takes a backseat to pride and dignity when placed against these moral values. The real problem with government programs like welfare, food stamps, and free lunch is that the line between assistance and benefits is very dull. For example, a man who makes enough money to support his family may still qualify for welfare. If the person solely spends their welfare checks on alcohol, cigarettes, and gambling is it really helping them prosper? The reality is that every person has different tolerance for assistance. Welfare that may feel like warranted assistance for one family could be seen as excess unearned benefits for a different family. That is where the psychological egoism perspective of all actions being driven by self-interest falls apart. It also does not hold up against thoughts of compassion. If all people lacked compassion in their actions the United States government would have never been able to pass a bill to create welfare and other tax-dollar funded assistance programs. {text:bibliography-mark} There is another ethical theory that is based on people acting on self-interest, it is titled ethical egoism. There are three different types of ethical egoism; however, only two are actual theories on moral behaviors. The first is Individual ethical egoism. Individual ethical egoists believe that they should only act in self-interest, and that other around them should act out of their self-interest as well. This is the definition of being completely selfish, not only are you only looking out for yourself, but you expect others to help you along the way as well. In regards to government assistance, these people would likely complain about paying taxes for these programs, but also are very likely to want to use and abuse them. Another type of ethical egoism that exists is called universal ethical egoism. The main belief behind universal egoism remains the same as that of individual egoism; individuals should only act out of their own self-interest. Where these two types of egoism differ is that universal egoism suggests that all people should act in a selfish manner, removing all altruistic acts from society. If this type of egoism really described the actions of all people, it is likely most people would favor the individual egoism theory, for they would desire to have everybody acting for their personal interests. Both of these types of egoism don’t give a realistic grasp of the American society when dealing with government assistance. These egoists would surely all desire government benefits, but they would have no desire to give back to the community. If everybody were solely out for themselves, there would be no government assistance because working tax-payers would refuse to fund such a thing. Therefore those that believe in egoism are likely against government assistance programs, but are happy to reap the benefits if they qualify. The essential opposite to egoism is known as utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is based on the idea of morality revolving around creating the most good for the most people. When it comes to decision making surrounding utilitarianism actions are based on the consequences that will ensue from the action. When this type of thinking is applied to the government assistance problem, utilitarian’s would surely side with providing those in need with as much as possible. This is a difficult position, because the abusers of these programs are still going to be allowed to collect, but if allowing these programs to operate helps the most people, then utilitarian’s will be supportive of them. This theory on moral behavior is most definitely not an accurate representation of how society actually treats the poor and needy. Most people would only like to assist individuals if they are positive that they are desperate. The thought of people abusing the system drives many people to criticize it. People are greedy, and want to make sure all their money is being spent the way they desire. Therefore, the amount of people who support utilitarianism is the reason that these government assistance programs have been established. Greed and egoism are the reason that these programs are dysfunctional in many ways. {text:bibliography-mark} Who is at fault for those who require assistance? The egoists would argue that if one acts solely on self-interest and still comes up empty, they have to sleep on the bed they have made. Utilitarianism argues the complete opposite; all people as humanity are responsible for helping out each other. Since greed and materialism dominates American culture, it would be safe to say the egoists are winning this battle. Furthermore, by allowing abuse of government assistance programs it only advances the egotistical belief that the world is every man for themselves and to take all benefits possible. This is what drives most complaints within the system, the government not doing a good enough job of regulating these assistance programs. The issuing of government assistance is an ethical issued because it deals with multiple different opinions on the matter all based on morals. People who believe that every family should have to earn everthing they receive are basing this reasoning off egoism. Those who feel that it is the duty of society to help those in need are basing their reasoning off of utilitarianism. The issues that most people bring up within the government assistance programs are that they are not managed and policed well enough. This is not a moral issue; rather just issues of the government not doing all it can to make sure the right people are receiving assistance. Another reason that people have a large problem with assistance is because the government is in charge of it, and some people will go against anything that is government run. For these people there is no purpose in reasoning, they simply believe the government is out to get us all. The main reason people have such strong opinions on this matter is because those who work likely envision portions of their check being mailed to people who don’t even attempt to land a job. This is what creates the social stigma associated with government assistance. In this day and age a country as prominent and developed as the United States must look out for their impoverished population. The assistance programs offered may not have all the kinks worked out and may not be well liked by everybody, but there is no denying that these programs are helping more than they are hurting. Works Cited

Functional Immunity

This type of immunity arises from  customary international law  and  treaty law  and confers immunities on those performing acts of state (usually a foreign official). Any person who in performing an act of state commits a criminal offence is immune from prosecution. This is so even after the person ceases to perform acts of state. Thus it is a type of immunity limited in the acts to which it attaches (acts of state) but will only end if the state itself ceases to exist.This type of immunity is based on respect for sovereign equality and state dignity. The offices usually recognised as attracting this immunity are Head of State or Head of Government, senior cabinet members, Foreign Minister, and Minister for Defence: see the  Arrest Warrant Case,Pinochet Case  (R v Bow Street Magistrates; ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 3)  [2000] 1 AC 147, House of Lords).Such officers are immune from prosecution for everything they do during their time in office. For example, an English court held that a warrant could not be issued for the arrest of  Robert Mugabe  on charges of international crimes on the basis that he was a presently serving Head of State at the time the proceedings were brought:  Mugabe, reported at (2004) 53 ICLQ 789. Other examples are the attempts to prosecute  Fidel Castro  in Spain and  Jiang Zemin  in the USA.However, the moment accused leaves office, they are liable to be prosecuted for crimes committed before or after their term in office, or for crimes committed whilst in office in a personal capacity (subject to jurisdictional requirements and local law). Pinochet  was only able to come to trial because Chile and the UK had both signed and ratified the UN Convention Against Torture through which such immunities were waived. It may be the case that personal immunity is itself being eroded.In 2004 the Appeals Chamber of the  Special Court for Sierra Leone  held that indicted Liberian president  Charles Taylor  cou ld not invoke his Head of State immunity to resist the charges against him, even though he was an incumbent Head of State at the time of his indictment. However, this reasoning was based on the construction of the court's constituent statute, that dealt with the matter of indicting state officials. In any case, Taylor had ceased to be an incumbent Head of State by the time of the court's decision so the arresting authorities would have een free to issue a fresh warrant had the initial warrant been overturned. Nevertheless, this decision may signal a changing direction in international law on this issue. Recent developments in international law suggest that this type of immunity, whilst it may be available as a defence to prosecution for local or domestic crimes or civil liability, is not a defence to an international crime. (International crimes include  crimes against humanity,  war crimes, and  genocide).This has developed in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal T ribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, particularly in the  Karadzic,  Milosevic, and  Furundzija  cases (though care should be taken when considering ICTY jurisprudence due to its  Ad-hoc  nature). This was also the agreed position as between the parties in their pleadings in the  International Court of Justice  Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium).The reasons commonly given for why this immunity is not available as a defense to international crimes is straight forward: (1) that is genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity are not acts of state. Criminal acts of the type in question are committed by human actors, not states; and (2) we cannot allow the  jus cogens  nature of international crimes, i. e. the fact that they are  non-derogable  norms, to be eroded by immunities. However, the final judgment of the ICJ regarding immunity may have thrown the existence of such a rule limiting functional immunities into doubt.See in this respect the criticism of the ICJ's approach by Wouters, Cassese and Wirth among others, though some such as Bassiouni claim that the ICJ affirmed the existence of the rule. Regarding claims based on the idea that a senior state official committing International crimes can never be said to be acting officially, as Wouters notes â€Å"This argument, however, is not waterproof since it ignores the sad reality that in most cases those crimes are precisely committed by or with the support of high-ranking officials as part of a state’s policy, and thus can fall within the scope of official acts. Academic opinion on the matter is divided and indeed only the future development of International Customary law, possibly accelerated by states exercising  universal jurisdiction  over retired senior state officials, will be able to confirm whether state sovereignty has now yielded partially to internationally held human rights values.In November 2007 , French prosecutors refused to press charges against former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld for torture and other alleged crimes committed during the course of the US invasion of Iraq, on the grounds that heads of state enjoyed official immunity under customary international law, and they further claimed that the immunity exists after the official has left office. [1]

Effects of poverty on malaria in the rural areas of India Research Paper

Effects of poverty on malaria in the rural areas of India - Research Paper Example The approach of irrigation is causing desertification of the fertile land. There are huge investments made by the central and state government towards developing alleviation programs of poverty. Such an approach has not been able to make the rural areas self reliant but in turn has increased the economic dependency amongst the daily wage workers. In the urban areas there are preventive measures taken by the government so that such diseases do not affect public health but on the contrary the rural areas malaria is linked with poverty majorly due to lack of accessibility towards proper health care facilities and due to environmental degradation. The specific problem that has been identified in this particular context is that malaria is causing huge number of deaths in the rural India. Though the government is taking initiatives but it is not being able to safeguard people from such diseases. The problem area for this research study is that there needs to be proper measures implemented in rural India or else the rate of such disease would be high with every passing year. The major aim of the research study would be to highlight the relationship between the poverty and malaria and even to bring forward certain cases that would depict how some operations that are performed on rural land are leading to increase in the number of death rates caused by malaria. This research study would be important for the audience as it would portray the real scenario of rural India and even outline the major reasons behind why such a disease is not been able to eliminated from the area. The study would even help to analyze the direct relationship between poverty and malaria and the efforts that should be made so that such a disease can be discarded from the root level. The research question for this study would be – â€Å"How does poverty in rural India has a direct relation with the major public health disease malaria?† This research question is aligned with the

'Prison Works' Discuss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

'Prison Works' Discuss - Essay Example the theory utilised in Scottish penal system and a reassessment of the principles used in criminal justice regarding gender, race, discrimination and rehabilitation of offenders. This paper will analyse if Scotland’s existing criminal justice and penology theories and application of these principles in the rehabilitation of offenders are effective in their treatment of prisoners. Prevailing views in the previous decades with regard Scotland’s prison service seem to be fortified by the current data and findings about the ‘inefficacy’ of the Scottish prison system which replete the media and the web. There is an increase in imprisonment, higher that what was posted in the previous years and overcrowding in Scotland’s prison, where many has languished for more than 6 months for minor offences, has become worse and was even described as the most overcrowded in Europe It is predicted that when legislators introduce new laws, the number of prisoners will increase by 14% (CJS 2007). Authorities on this subject contend that Scotland is turning in a punitive society where an increasing number of people are incarcerated, growing from 122 individuals out of 100,000 to 141. Some also question if Scotland has become safer as it plans put more people in jail (CJS 2007) by building more prison facilities while others contend that locking offender s up will not change anything if the criminal justice system is not improved. In addition, data and information, for many, have not improved at all as the studies still showed dismal results similar to those seen during past decades. For instance, in the 1996 data on offenders who sought psychiatric assistance, less that 0.1% of convicted offenders were afforded this service and only 0.5% of the offenders were confined in psychiatric institutions. The use of the insanity bargain is a rare occurrence in Scotland. Yet, mental unfitness is evident in many offenders and the problem lies on the absence of a universal policy which

Os Claim Against VC for Outstanding Freight Coursework

Os Claim Against VC for Outstanding Freight - Coursework Example Secondly, it must be determined, if no breach of contract was found to have occurred, whether or not the contract was completed once the ship sailed from Piraeus. The underlying determining factors in both instances are seaworthiness on the part of the transporting vessel (Costa Lotta) and/or negligence on the part of Costa’s captain and crew. Generally seaworthiness refers to the state of the ship and places upon the ship owner a duty to provide a seaworthy vessel.1 Since O owns the Costa, it can be assumed that the ship itself is seaworthy in terms of structural soundness or â€Å"fit for purpose†2 otherwise the ship would not have chosen for the journey. The crew’s competence is relevant in determining the seaworthiness of the vessel. It was held in Wedderburn v Bell that whether a ship’s construction is sound or not is irrelevant if the ship’s crew is incompetent or lacks the skills necessary for navigating the ship for the duration of the chart ered journey.3 In other words, the seaworthiness of a ship will also depend on the competence of the crew. It was held in Standard Oil v Clan Line that â€Å"a ship may be rendered unseaworthy by the inefficiency of the master who commands her.†4 Based on the facts of the case for discussion however, there is no evidence that the captain or his crew lacked the necessary skills to navigate the ship. There is also no evidence of negligence. The fact is, the Costa came across unusual weather and unanticipated delays which ultimately resulted in the loss of freight. By all accounts the master acted promptly and responsibly. The main question is therefore whether or not the contract for the delivery of the freight was completed once the ship sailed from Piraeus. The leading case on the issue is Bank of Boston Connecticut v European Grain & Shipping Ltd (The Dominique). In The Dominique the ship owner entered into a charterparty with the defendant in which payment for freight was d ue after the signing of the bills of lading. The bills of lading were signed and the ship was subsequently arrested and thus failed to complete the journey. It was held that the ship owner had a right to claim the freight once the bills of lading were signed. Thus the ship onwer’s right accrued prior to the ship’s arrest and the chaterparty’s termination. Therefore not only was the ship owner entitled to claim the freight, the chaterer was not entitled to offset damages arising out of the breach of a charterparty relative to the freight claim.5 The facts of The Dominique are entirely similar to the facts of the case for discussion. Payment for the freight was due once the ship sailed from Piraeus. Therefore O’s claim predates the perils at sea and the subsequent salvage operations. In this regard, O can successfully pursue a claim against VC for the outstanding freight. The action may be commenced by filing an action is rem. An action is rem is an action not against a ship, although it impacts the ship’s owner.6 The ship in question is the Jolly Roger owned by VC and purportedly arriving in the UK, which is the only asset that VC will have in the UK. The jurisdiction for filing an action in rem is facilitated by Section 20(2) of the Supreme Court Act 1981. In this regard, Section 20(2) of the 1981 Act provides that actions in rem may be pursued in any of the two following circumstances: (g)  any claim for loss of or damage to goods carried in a ship; (h)  any claim arising out of any agreement relating to the carriage of goods in a ship or to the use or hire of a ship.7 In addition, the jurisdiction of the Admiralty Court may be invoked relative to an action in rem when: (a) the claim arises in connection with a ship; and (b) The person who would be liable on the claim in an action

Cliffords Arguments Evidentialism Versus Will to Believe Essay

Cliffords Arguments Evidentialism Versus Will to Believe - Essay Example Clifford comes out with a model for intellectual honesty by following the arguments to their roots and refusing doubtful fictions. Clifford’s arguments are basically based on examples. In the first illustration, he involves a captain who believes the vessel is seaworthy. It is, however, a frequently repaired old ship. He represses his doubts, the ship had successfully embarked on voyages before and sets sail. The ship, carrying emigrants, sinks and all the people aboard drown. The shipowner is blameworthy but what if the ship had not gone down and the emigrants reached their destinations in safety? (Feldman, 24). Clifford holds the blame on the ship’s proprietor â€Å"because he had no right to believe on such evidence as was before him†. The belief concerning the ship’s seaworthiness is the shortcoming. It is by reason that he got his belief not by earning it honestly through a cautious investigation but by suppressing his doubts. Given that the voyage would have been a success, the shipowner is at fault because of the inadequacy of evidence laid out. According to Clifford, the crime is in ignorance and creation of the risk and not necessarily in the aftermath in the turn of events. In lawful execution, negligence accompanied but no harmful turn of events is punished in less stern terms in comparison to negligence that resulted in more harm. Clifford helps to explain that in the moral perspective, both are at the same level (James, 39). As illustrated in another case, it’s heard that some powerful individuals, for instance, professors of the University, are propagating dangerous doctrines through deceitful ways. An association for agitation purposed and the members made public accusations concerning these university professors.  Ã‚  

Show as below Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Show as below - Research Paper Example So, both these novels will be discussed and compared in the context of the American Southern literature and its characteristics, particularly through the key themes and symbols of racism and female subjugation, and how it reflected the society of those times. Southern literature refers to the American literature which is about the Southern part of the United States or written by writers from that region and so it will reflect certain similar characteristics. â€Å"Southern literature announces the conjunction of the US South and an expressive art — texts identified as belonging to a particular history, social organization, and cultural imaginary† (MacKethan). Some of the characteristics of Southern literature are slavery, relationship between man and nature, religious fervor, a sense of justice, female subjugation, and many more. When one focuses on Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it is evident that the novel featured many of the above characteristics with many readers and critics considering it to be the most influential Southern novel of the nineteenth century because of its frank dealing of the above aspects particularly racism and religion. This novel deals with the adventurous journey undertaken by Huckleberry "Huck" Finn and Jim along the Mississippi River. The novel is told in an episodic structure, with new characters entering and leaving the story, even as the two lead characters experience different and intricate facets of racism. On the other hand, and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is about the life and times of Janie Crawford, a middle-aged African woman. When she returns to her hometown of Eatonville, Florida, after a long gap, she goes down on the memory lane by talking to her friend Pheoby Watson. She talks about her life and how men in her life brought out certain traits, particularly her wish to live a life on her own terms,

Marketing Strategies 4050 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Strategies 4050 - Research Paper Example Our Java Cafà © would be focusing on customers who are environmentally conscious of their actions. While coffee is enjoyed by people of all ages, it is important to develop a primary target market so that we are able to develop a marketing strategy targeted towards this specific market. Our primary target market includes: Students: Students form a big part of the target market for Java Cafà ©. The Auraria Campus located in downtown Denver accommodates more than 40,000 students and thus could be a good potential market for our Java Cafà ©. Students have a hectic daily routine from pressures of work as well as having to survive on limited budget. Most students cannot afford coffee machines for themselves and rely on coffee shops for their daily cups of coffee. However, since they are on a limited budget, they cannot afford to buy from Starbuck or Mc Cafà ©, and thus they look for cheaper options that do not compromise on the quality of services. As our Java Cafà © offers Wi-Fi, it would be a further attraction for the students since this generation is addicted to the internet and travels with its personal gadgets such as cell phones, laptops etc. ‘For them, technology is not a thing to be considered. It is a way of life’1. Furthermore, students usually have a common hangout place where they can meet up with their friends and peers. In this case, word-of-mouth promotion can help improve sales for Java Cafà ©. Young Professionals: Young Professionals are another target market for Java Cafà ©. Young Professionals in Denver make up 64 percent of the total population and Denver has the highest number of college graduates. Professionals from surrounding counties also visit lower downtown during their pre-working, lunch time and after working hours. These college graduates and young professionals are also busy people trying to make a position in the corporate world. They usually visit the coffee

Raman Spectroscopy of Toluene and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Lab Report

Raman Spectroscopy of Toluene and Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G - Lab Report Example In Raman spectroscopy, light and matter interacts. Both IR and Raman vibrational bands are described by their frequency (i.e energy), band shape, and intensity. At low frequencies, the fingerprint region is found for most compounds. Raman spectroscopy is much easier to use at low frequencies compared to IR, this is because at low frequencies very many bands are visible on the spectrum. With Raman spectroscopy, it is possible to reject the laser beam at low frequency modes; this would minimize the bands that are seen at the fingerprint region. With IR, this is not possible, and as a result the spectrum cannot be refined to reduce the congestion of peaks. Toluene (methylbenzene) has a CH3 group attached to the benzene ring, for IR spectroscopy, the CH3 group exists at just below 1500 cm-1. This is just at the start of the fingerprint region; therefore Raman spectroscopy would be much better at elucidating its structure over IR. Fluorescence is a spectrochemical method of analysis where the molecules of the analyte are excited by irradiation at a certain wavelength and emit radiation of a different wavelength. The emission spectrum provides information for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When light of an appropriate wavelength is absorbed by a molecule (i.e., excitation), the electronic state of the molecule changes from the ground state to one of many vibrational levels in one of the excited electronic states. The excited electronic state is usually the first excited singlet state, S1 (Figure 1). Once the molecule is in this excited state, relaxation can occur through several processes. Fluorescence is one of these processes and results in the emission of light. Fluorescence corresponds to the relaxation of the molecule from the singlet excited state to the singlet ground state with emission of light. Fluorescence has short lifetime (~10-8 sec) so that in many molecules it can compete favorably with collision deactivation, intersystem crossing and

Do Oil Prices Influence Non-Oil Sector Stocks in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Do Oil Prices Influence Non-Oil Sector Stocks in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example The research will also investigate the role of the country’s oil dependence on the stock market in Saudi Arabia too as it has been previously confirmed by research. Besides, the research is also going to confirm whether the dependence of the Saudi Arabian economy on oil is much higher than in the US, as it has been established before that contrary to the finding of this report for US, a higher correlation is always expected between oil prices and stocks in Saudi Arabia. This report includes 8 main sections including the Introduction, Literature review, Research methodology, Findings and Conclusions. The introduction provides a background and context for the research done, as well as describing the scope and objectives of the report, the achievements of previous studies and an overview of the entire research briefly explaining the contents in other sections. In the Literature review the existing studies in this field are discussed. The research methodology and findings section describe the method of data collection, as well as a detailed analysis of the results and how they were obtained. The Conclusion summarises the issues discussed in the research, as well as the achievements. This paper also discusses the statistical data collected and evaluates the research compared to existing work and set the direction for future work in this field. I. Introduction Oil is one of the most important economic resources in world’s economy today. The context of oil has been found to be more important in the Saudi Arabian economy as it is has one of the biggest reserves of oil (one-fifth of world’s total) and is the second largest producer (behind Russia) of oil in the world. The government of Saudi Arabia has been encouraging private sector participation and growth in an effort to reduce the kingdom's over-dependence on oil, while increasing opportunities for employment within the citizenry. This research will aim to investigate whether high oil prices, hi gh volatility in oil prices, and oil price shocks lead to reduced economic activity and lower stock returns in Saudi Arabia as it has been confirmed previously. There is a limited amount of existing research on the influence of oil prices on non-oil sector stocks in Saudi Arabia. The available research does not indicate whether oil prices indeed influences the stock prices or not. From enterprises’ point of view, as a large part of Saudi Arabian economy is controlled by exports, especially oil exports, the effect on oil price will be investigated to determine whether it makes an indirect impact on businesses in Saudi Arabia. Many leading economists and several theories in economics point to the impact of oil price changes in world economies have studied fluctuations and shocks in oil prices intensively. The context of oil is even more important in the Saudi Arabian economy as it is has one of the biggest reserves of oil (one-fifth of world’s total) and is the second la rgest producer (behind Russia) of oil in the world. Saudi Arabia has proven oil reserves of 264.52 billion barrels of oil (OPEC, 2011) and was only recently surpassed by Venezuela who claimed their oil reserves had risen to 269.5 billion barrels of oil. In terms of oil production, Saudi Arabia has a quota allocation of just over 30% of production among Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries. The Saudi Arabian oil production in 2010 was 9.1 million barrels per day, which accounted for

Law of Increasing Cost Essay Example for Free

Law of Increasing Cost Essay The three types of unemployment are Structural, Frictional and Cyclical Unemployment. Structural unemployment occurs due to the disparity between the skills of a person whose looking for a job and the skills needed for the jobs available thus, the job seeker’s profession or skills is not likely related to that line of work. Frictional Unemployment is another type of unemployment which is strongly related to structural unemployment as the two both depends on the dynamics changes in the economy. Thus, the people who do not even have work may not accept the first job offered to them because of the skills needed for the job and the salary. On the other hand, Cyclical Unemployment is due to lack of demand for work and is attributed to economic contraction. Cyclical Unemployment- the Government should implement and fund a program where in poorer and jobless people with capability can be able to have their own job and receive necessary payment. In doing such thing they can be able to increase productivity and economic efficiency as well as the workers welfare. Answer to question no. The Law of Increasing Cost states that as the Marginal Cost, say X, increases the Cost of the Product, say Y, decreases and vice versa. Thus, the cost of product is dependent and inversely proportional on the marginal cost of that product. Cost of Product (Y) Marginal Cost (X) Answer to question no. 5 A progressive tax is the rate of the taxes that increases as the tax payers’ income increases. The system defends on the percentage of income of an individual. Those high-income people should pay higher percentage of tax than those low-income people. An example of progressive tax is a Graduated Tax. The general sales is said to be regressive because everyone including the rich and the poor utilize it and therefore has to buy goods in order to survive for example clothes, the poor pay more of the percentage of the sales (clothes) tax compare to the rich people, that is why it is regressive. Answer to question no. 6 Inflation hurt the rich and much more the poor people. In order for the rich to uphold their ways of living they are tend to pay much greater price for the goods and services. In a worse case, the poor may not be able to afford those goods and services, thus it posses a threat to their family and to the economy in general. On the other, economist may benefit from inflation since they can somehow predict inflation rate and thus, make appropriate preparations. Answer to question no. 8 Public Good are goods and services that are available for everyone to consume. Also, consumption of these goods does not decrease the availability of the supply. Such good includes information goods and human rights. On the other hand, a private market offers goods that are the exact different of public goods, goods that are good for only one consumption and is for everyone to consume. Thus, the main reason why the public market cannot offer public goods is because public goods are free and the private market, more or less, does not offer free items. Answer to question no. 9 Full employment is define as the state and condition of the national economy, where all of the job seekers are willingly accept the job offers to them regardless of the amount of wages they are about to earn as well as the working conditions. It clearly indicates 0% of people who do not have job or unemployed. Answer to question no. 10 No. It is the objective of the public market to increase revenue and thus, it important to give greater attention to the benefits that the firm will have rather than that of the society. Because positive externalities mean that the society will gain greater benefit than that of the firm, it is likely that the public market will not be able to produce the socially optimal amount of good that is characterize by positive externalities.

Issues Of The Work-Life Conflict

Issues Of The Work-Life Conflict Work-life conflict occurs when time and energy demands imposed by our many roles become incompatible with one another; participation in one role is made increasingly difficult by participation in another. Work-life balance (WLB), from an employee perspective, is the maintenance of a balance between responsibilities at work and at home. When the employees have conflicts between their work life and personal life it creates distractions in their work, preventing employees from performing in their best level, which creates obstacles in the achievement of organizational and individual goals. Therefore failure in managing work-life conflict among the employees could lead to problems within the organization. Hemas Hospital is a newly started hospital in Sri Lanka in the year 2008. It is a multi specialty hospital which caters for the whole family by providing highly specialized medical services according to the highest international standards. Around 100 consultants practice in this hospital. As a newly started hospital working for 24 hours they are confronted with problems of employees struggling to strike a balance between their work and life. Employees commitment to their service is vital to provide to provide a according to the standards. At Hemas Hospital Nurses play a major role. Professional nursing is a highly skilled practice directed towards improving the health status of individuals, groups and communities. Nursing activities encompass promoting health, preventing disease, aiding and supporting people in daily living as well as during recovery and rehabilitation, and helping people to die comfortably and with dignity (Nursing, n.d.). The purpose of this essay is to highlight and discuss on the issues of work life conflict how it affects further to discuss about the solutions that could be applied to tackle the conflicts. Secondary researches have been used in order to support the discussion in an effective way. 2.0 Causes 2.1 Womens Family Commitment Over recent years there has been an enormous increase in the number of women employees entering to the paid workforce labor of Hemas Hospital Wattala. Despite the rapid growth in womens involvement in the paid workforce; it appears that little has changed for women in terms of their family commitments. Culture plays a big role in Sri Lanka in relation to this topic. Traditional gender roles prescribe for women to place the role of wife and mother above all others; men are expected to be the family breadwinner. Given the burden of household responsibilities and child care, women employees (doctors, nurses, receptionists) face the demands of multiple roles, which often go beyond the general three roles working mothers generally take on (wife, mother, and worker) to include responsibilities such as: caretaker of aging parents, sister, aunt, cousin, etc. (Scott Coltrane, n.d.) As a result of these multiple tasks work life conflict has been identified as a common problem among most women employees at Hemas Hospital. 2.2 Personal Health Problems Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. Having problems is a part of life. Most of the researches have found that effects of stress affect the health. The reason is the stress and health is closely linked. And also they have found that the risk factors for health caused by chronic stress causes as much as 60 to 90% of all illnesses. The impact it has on your health, both physical and mental, can be very harmful. And individuals stress does contribute to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and other cardiac risk factors such as addictions and obesity. We found that 55% of Hemas hospitals nurses getting sick because of the stress they have. Some of the shifts they have to cover up without taking breaks. Therefore they cannot balance their personal lives with the work they have. So that stress arises and automatically they get ill. 2.3 Tight Work Schedules Workers have to control their working hours to enjoy a better life. Most of time nurses have to do night duty and also they have to do over time work because of this reasons lack of flexible working hours can be arising. Most of times who worked as nurses are young mothers so then they have do their children work, they have to care about children and also their home work. It is very hard to do night duty person who has small child then they might feel time is more important than money after that there can be arise a stress on work place. Organization culture can shape the work life balance. According to our culture most of time mothers are house wifes and also childrens need care of mothers. If mother busy with her job then there will be arises social problem and also family problems. In Hemas hospital every nurse has to do two night duties in each week and then there arises conflict between work life balances. 2.4 Lack of Employee Rewards and Appreciation As a nurse Caring for the sick and dying has never been easy. Though it is a respected, intellectually stimulating, and deeply meaningful career today it offers limited benefits and many challenges. Though its been 2 years Hemas Hospital started their management hasnt introduced proper rewarding system for the nurses. This will directly affect the employees morale; therefore employee productivity would be less. 2.5 Transportation Issues Transportation is one of the main issues that Hemas Hospital employees are facing. Since there are both day and night shifts, the employees main problem will be the transportation. In Sri Lanka with the cultural situations most of the people think in negative way when the females doing the night shifts and/or when they arrives at home in mid night, Since the public transportation is not too safe for female after around 7.30 8.00 pm the transportation will be highly regarded when comes to night shifts. 3.0 Effects 3.1 High Absenteeism Absenteeism is an expensive problem in both public and private sector organizations. Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the impact of womens family responsibilities, personal health problems and transportation problems on absenteeism. Many women employees at Hemas Hospital find it hard to achieve their desired combination of work and family time. For example, family responsibilities appear to constrain a womans choice of occupation. Women taking leave due to illnesses of children or their elder parents. 3.2 Less productivity Due to personal health problems, lack of rewards and appreciations and tight work schedules employees productivity getting reduced. This situation is not good for a working place like hospital. Productivity is one of the most important factors when it comes to work. When employees are not healthy they are unable to work properly. Therefore their productivity comes down and the job they do cannot be performed properly. When working in a hospital, the employees have to work very effective manner, because they are the savers of patients lives. It will be a big disaster if they forget or neglect to give proper medicine or giving wrong medicine to a patient. This would highly affect to Hemas hospital if they do not work properly up to the standard. 3.3 Dissatisfaction While the majority of reasons for dissatisfaction usually point to elements of the workplace itself such as: management style, environmental conditions or opportunities for growth, lack of rewards and appreciations, tight work schedules etc. (A guide to grow your personal growth, n.d.). It was found that especially nurses are dissatisfied with their job. Due to this they may move towards competitors or leave the job. Therefore Hemas Hospital has to consider ways of minimizing the work dissatisfaction. 3.4 Stress Stress is the most hated part of the job of healthcare employees. This can be occurring due to personal health problems, womens family commitments and tight working schedules. Therefore it leads nurses to be dissatisfied with their work. Due to the dissatisfaction they will not perform efficiently and effectively through less performance. Furthermore their loyalty for the company will be less and will tend to move towards competitors or leave the job. One of the respondents at the Hemas hospital said that, Too much pressure on this shift Scanty facilities very meageryou feel really exhaustedamounting to tensions and conflicts which are often displaced onto people aroundyou knowyelling at colleagues 3.5 High employment turnover This can be happened due to all of the causes mentioned above. More than the cultural influences nursing is a more stressful and challenging job therefore its a must to recognize them as very precious for the hospital to make them retain in the hospital. The impact of turnover has received considerable attention by senior management, human resources professionals, and industrial psychologists. It has proven to be one of the most costly and seemingly intractable human resource challenges confronting organizations. Analyses of the costs associated with turnover yield surprisingly high estimates. The high cost of losing key employees has long been recognized. When consider the Hemas Hospital the situation also same. It appears high employment turnover, especially nurses. 3.6 Work overload for other employees Due to health problems and family commitment some employees cannot perform their duties to the expected level. So others will have to carry out the sick employees work load too. Some times since they havent time to fulfill the work load they might not do even their assigned duties properly. They do not care about the patients very well. Then again it will affect to the overall performance of the Hemas hospital. In addition, inadequate facilities, improper functioning of other employees and neglected responsibilities created pressure and conflict among the personnel. These inadequacies eventually reduced the tolerance threshold, which in turn contributed to the conflict experienced. One of the respondents at Hemas hospital said that, We cant ignore the fact that heavy workload and shortage of skilled human resources affect our performance; despite our effort to get used to the situation, we are limited in coping. When you see that the supervisor stops backing us up and never steps into the ward to listen to us it makes us feel our rights have been violated. 4.0 Solutions 4.1 Paternity leave Paternity leave is the time a father takes off work at the birth or adoption of a child. This kind of leave is rarely paid. A few progressive companies offer new dads paid time off, ranging from a few days to a few weeks. Hemas Hospital can arrange paternity leave for doctors and therefore can avoid the absenteeism and dissatisfaction towards the job. 4.2 Dependent care arrangements Many nurses will be faced with issues of child or adult care giving. Without adequate support, these can create a host of distractions from work. There are many ways that the Hemas Hospital can support their nurses with their personal responsibilities. Some of the ways are on or off site child and adult care centers, lactation programs, dependent care referrals, etc. 4.3 Job sharing Job sharing is a form of permanent part-time work in which a full-time position is divided between two or more people, each of whom shares responsibility for the entire workload. Each job sharer receives conditions of employment and entitlements on a pro-rata basis in proportion to the hours worked. Job share arrangements are suitable for both professional and academic positions. A change from full-time work to a job sharing arrangement does not break continuity of employment. Job share arrangements can facilitate increased workplace flexibility because job sharers can relieve or cover for each other without loss in efficiency and effectiveness. Hemas Hospital also can implement this program and can get the maximum benefit out of it. 4.4 Flexible work schedules A flexible work schedule is a type of flexible work arrangement that allows employees to vary when they begin and end their work day to accommodate their individual and family needs. This flexibility greatly eases the burden of busy employees as they try to juggle their work and home lives Flexible work schedules benefits both employees and organization it self. For employees Increased satisfaction and productivity, reduced stress and health care costs, decreased absenteeism and reduced commuting time. For organizations improved retention and reduced turnover, higher levels of loyalty and commitment ,no change in managers supervisory time, attracts diverse employees who may not be able to conform to rigid schedules (i.e., disabled) 4.5 Incentives As a result if the hospital is not rewarding nurses well the Sri Lankan culture influences them to be not loyal towards hospital and as well to perform poorly. If an employee appreciated or rewarded it will influence them to work hardly than the before and also motivate to keep the work and personal life in a balance. For that reason this is the best time for Hemas to start an appropriate rewarding and appreciation system for their nurses to make them satisfy and happy situation between work and life. 5.0 Recommendations 5.1 Short Term Out of the number of solutions available, according to the situation, a strategy needs to be developed according to the problem but this would consume lots of time and energy to be done, So till a proper strategy is developed, in the short term the hospital can reward employing workers with an incentive programmed to facilitate them to balance their work /life.Hemas Hospital can reward financial non financial incentives to encourage their work force. Under financial incentives they can grant child vouchers and can have a special funding system for employees children. Furthermore the management of Hemas Hospital can introduce a transportation allowance system for the employees who come from distance areas. Under non financial incentive system Hemas Hospital can arrange family friends benefits or annual trips or get together, so that they have sometime to spend their leisure time with their colleagues. Furthermore nurses can be given promotions, scholarships or they can select best nur se annually to encourage nurses. 5.2 Long Term But in the long term proper strategy should be developed to address this problem, because incentives cannot be a solution for all the problems of the employees. While developing strategies the different situations of nurses need to be considered to facilitate them. Providing a flexible work options is a good method that could be developed, because job satisfaction is directly connected to a persons work schedule, especially to a nurses healthy mentality it is very important when dealing with patients. A variety of schedule options could be made available to fit their priorities and life styles. Full-time Options include: Three 12-hour shifts Five 8-hour shifts A combination of 8 and 12-hour shifts Part-time Options include: 8-hour shifts 12-hour shifts A combination of 8 and 12-hour shifts Weekend Program This program is an appealing option for nurses who are in school or who care for children during the week. This option provides short-term disability coverage. Weekend nurses work 24 hours each weekend They receive pay equivalent to 32 or 36 hours The schedule begins Friday at 7:30 a.m. and ends Monday at 7:30 a.m. Casual This option is appealing to nurses who want to work fewer hours but maintain a relationship with their unit and with Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Casual nurses work 40 hours during a 6-week schedule Float Pool Nurses may choose the flexibility and variety of working on multiple units through the Float Pool. Float Pool nurses are required to work two weekend shifts per month. Options include: Full-time work Part-time work Dynamic scheduling to accommodate personal work requirements. Schedule Choices Many nursing units offer nurses a Self Schedule option. They are able to select the days on the upcoming schedule they want to work. When their manager creates the schedule, he or she will balance the schedule requests with current patient needs in the unit (Careers, n.d.). The best recommendation would be to make available lots of flexible work schedule options and offer the nurses with a self schedule option, so that they can use choose a schedule according to their life style. These work options should be for the mutual benefit of both the employee and the employer so that employee can fulfill their responsibility towards their work place and as well as their families. 6.0 Conclusion There is a big difference between doing things and getting something done. Most work-life efforts by HR and work-life balance teams fail despite lots of doing. The problem is that all the doing didnt get anything done. If the organization wants to get something done that produces strong positive results and feedback, it should be start by taking an action in order to ensure success. Good work-life balance seems to be something that well-run firms in competitive markets do naturally. They need to treat their employees well to keep them if not; their competitors will hire them away. Government policies on work-life balance should take this into account. Whether the organization just introducing a work-life program or making an already great one better, the organization will be substantially improving its bottom line results and changing individuals lives for the better. To be an effective worker he/she has maintain a better balance in between work life and the personal life. We can see that there is a clear link between causes for the conflicts and effects of them. So that if Hemas can implement the above mentioned recommendations we think that Hemas can be the best hospital by getting the maximum use of their employees while providing them a conflicts free work life environment. Hence the entire organization and employees will be proud of the results.

Causes of the Increase in FDI Flows Across Countries

Causes of the Increase in FDI Flows Across Countries Growth literature The significant increase in FDI flows across countries is a clear indication of globalization of the world economies over the past 2 decades. Neoclassical model of growth as well as endogenous growth models provides the basis for most of the empirical work on the FDI-GROWH relationship. According to the neoclassical growth theory, economic growth generally comes from two sources: factors accumulation and total factor productivity growth (Felipe, 1997). Growth is easier to quantity and analyse while difficulties abound in the measurement of the Total Factor Production growth due to the lack of appropriate economic modeling techniques as well as lack of appropriate data. Neoclassical growth projected that based on aggregate production function that relates the total output of an economy to the aggregate amount of the labour, human capital, physical capital and level of technology, poor countries will grow faster than rich countries. Neoclassical growth theory implies that return on cap ital stock should be higher in poor countries than in rich countries. This implies that the impact of FDI is limited to its output growth effect in the short run, with no change in the long run growth rate. On the other hand, the Endogenous growth literature state that FDI can not only contribute to the economic growth through capital formation and technology transfers (Blomstrom et al.1996) but also do so through the augmentation of the level of knowledge through labour training and skill acquisition ( De Mello, 1999). Endogenous growth models emphasize on other channels including human capital accumulation and externalities or spillover effect through which FDI can promote growth in the long run. (Romer 1986, Loungani and Razin,2001). The three channels identify through which FDI affects growth; First, FDI increases capital accumulation in the host country by introducing new inputs and technologies (Dunning, 1993; Blomstrom et al. 1996). Second, FDI may stimulate knowledge transfers, both in terms of labour training and skill acquisition and by introducing alternative management practices and better organizational arrangements (De Mello, 1997).Third, FDI increases competition in the h ost country by overcoming entry barriers and reducing the market power of existing firms. Channels of Growth When a country’s foreign investment increase international production also increase rapidly, and thus investment only contribute towards the expansion of national markets but also larger scale regional and global markets( UNCTAD,1990). It is obvious that FDI will convey many benefits to the host country; one of them is economic growth. Hermes and Lensink(2000) has summarized different channels through which positive externalities related with FDI can arise namely: i)competition channel where increased competition is likely to result in increased productivity, investment in human and physical capital and efficiency. Increased competition may lead to changes in the industrial structure towards more competitiveness and more export oriented activities. ii) Training channel through increased training of labour and administration. FDI can also increase the quality of domestic human capital and improve the knowhow and managerial skills of local firms. (learning by watching effect) ii i) Linkages channel whereby foreign investment is often accompanied by technology transfer. FDI can encourage the adoption of new technology in the production process through capital spillovers. According to De Mello (1997) and OECD (2002), FDI affect growth is likely to depend on the economic and technological conditions in the host country. Therefore, technological spillover is possible only when there is certain minimum or threshold level of human capital available in the host country (Borensztein, et al. 1998) iv) domestic firms imitate the move advance technologies used by foreign firms commonly termed as the ‘demonstration channel’. By adapting new technologies and ideas (i.e. technological diffusion) they may catch up to the levels of technology in developed countries. The use of new technologies may be important in contributing to higher productivity of capital and labour in the host country. Local firms have an opportunity to improve their efficiency by learnin g and interacting with foreign firms. Benefits of FDI The economic rationale for offering special incentive to attract FDI frequently derives from the belief that foreign investment produces externalities in the form of technology transfers and spillovers. Spillover effects may take place when the entry or presence of foreign firms leads to productivity and efficiency benefits in the host country’s local firms (Blomstrà ¶m and Kokko 1998). There are two forms of spillover effects that foreign firms bring to the local industries which are Inter- and intra- industry spillover effects. Horizontal spillover also called intra-industry spillovers correspond to technological externalities associated with specific knowledge, such as management strategy and know-how and superior production techniques. Kokko (1996) argue that domestic firms benefits from the entry of foreign firms competition, imitation and workers’ productivity. Local firms will allocate more resources to product development and quality assurance in order to remain competitive. Gorg and Greenaway (2004) state that there are 4 channels through which horizontal spillover might occur Imitation which involves simulation of exclusive technology, management and marketing skills of foreign firms such that it will improve the productivity of local firms( Halpenn and Murakozy,2007) Human capital and labour turnover; Gory and Greenaway (2004) identify two mechanisms through which there is productivity spillover. First a direct spillover to complementary worker, as skilled labour working alongside labour tends to raise productivity of the latter. Second, workers that move carry knowledge with them new technology, new management techniques and consequently can become direct agents of technology transfer. Competition- as competition increase due to foreign firms, domestic firms have to introduce new technology in order to increase their efficiency(Glass and Saggi,2002) Export- local firms can learn penetration tactics which are viewed as essential for the export market. Hence they may experience cost reduction with exportation Recent studies based on micro-level panel data call into question the evidence of positive spillover and find either insignificant or negative intra industry spillovers. Haddad and Harrison (1993) find no significant relationship between the level of FDI and domestic firm’s productivity growth in the same sector for Morocco in late 80s. Aitken and Harrison (1999) find a negative relationship between the two variables for Venezuela manufacturing industries for the period 1970 to 1980. Vertical spillover also known as inter-industry spillovers consists of externalities occurring due to FDI through backward and forward linkages to input market. Usually when MNE make transaction with local suppliers and customers it may lead to the transfer of technology and know-how which subsequently will improve the intermediate product. MNE can increase the demand for the local input as a backward link to intermediate good suppliers hence increasing the productivity of domestic firms. Productivity can also be increase through forward linkages when domestic producers purchase more sophisticated intermediate goods from MNEs. Moran (2001) states that there are case studies which show that knowledge is transferred from downstream foreign affiliates to upstream, training and assistance as well as supervision in implementation of new technologies

Televisions Impact on Health :: Television Health Eating Essays

Television's Impact on Health In our society, television has become quite the vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people lie down while watching television. If you were to eat at a fast food restaurant, and then head home for a bowl of ice cream for desert, oh, and then not to mention that bag of chips while you watch your favorite Reality TV series, you are asking for something that you are not going to be happy with. What is it that you are asking for? It is called obesity. I have found myself eating at McDonald’s on countless occasions. The reason I am not obese, however, is the fact you will only find me at a fast food restaurant when I am pressed for time and I am on my way to a three to four hour practice. Obesity has very little to do with what we eat because the true problem behind obesity is none other than the fact that our society does not do anything after eating unhealthily. In Europe, people eat seven to eight meals a day and somehow, the majority of Europeans look fantastic. There is a reason for this. After dinner, they do not sit down on the couch for the 1,000th episode of Fear Factor. Instead, they go out for a long walk around the park with their families. David Zinczenko’s, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater,† proposes a situation where there is nothing else to eat but fast food. He proves this by saying, â€Å"Drive down any thoroughfare in America, and I guarantee you’ll see one of our country’s 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants,† he explains, â€Å"Now drive back up the block and try to find someplace to buy a grapefruit.† It is true that this statement has much truth. I am sorry to say, sadly, that it has no legitimacy. It seems that Zinczenko is using diction that not only parents can understand, but one that the general public, including those that are uneducated can understand. He uses a variety of sentence structures to lure in his readers and to make his research appear striking. The most appealing part of his essay was the way he spoke in a first person perspective and gave hope to those obese teenagers by telling them that to lose the weight form eating at McDonald’s, they are going to need to join the Navy Reserves or a similar program.

Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Creation Story :: Enuma Elish

Enuma Elish - The Babylonian Creation Story Like the Greek Theogony, the creation of the world in the Enuma elish begins with the universe in a formless state, from which emerge two primary gods, male and female: When the skies above were not yet named Nor earth below pronounced by name, Apsu, the first one, their begetter, And maker Tiamat, who bore them all, Had mixed their waters together, But had not formed pastures, nor discovered reed-beds; When yet no gods were manifest, Nor names pronounced, nor destinies decreed, Then gods were born within them. (Dalley 233) Apsu, the male "begetter," is the sweet waters, while Tiamat, the female "maker," is the bitter, salt waters. Sweet and salt water mingle together at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, site of the origins of Mesopotamian civilization. Some translators see the word "maker" in line 4 not as an adjective describing Tiamat but as another god, named Mummu, who emerges at the same time. As you might expect, Mummu means "maker," "form," "mold," or "matrix." Besides being Apsu's vizier, Mummu is the mold or the undifferentiated substance from which things are made. Like Eros at the beginning of the Theogony, this Mummu-power is necessary to get the job of birth-creation going. Stephanie Dalley notes that "the bit-mummu was the term for a workshop that produced statues of deities" (274). N. K. Sandars, however, sees mummu as potential, or entropy (27). In this early period, nothing is named yet because nothing has appeared or been created yet. Notice that pasture-land must be form ed--wrested from the desert by the hard work of digging and irrigation. The reed-beds mentioned in line 6 are handier than one might think: in southern Iraq today, the marsh dwellers live and work in floating houses and boats made from the reeds in the reed-beds. The "destinies" mentioned in line 8 are somewhat like the Sumerian me--cultural patterns and ways of living. After the waters of Apsu and Tiamat mix, the gods Lahmu and Lahamu ("slime, mud") emerge. And from this pair come Anshar ("whole sky") and Kishar ("whole earth"), meaning perhaps "the horizon, the circular rim of heaven and the corresponding circular rim of earth" (Jacobsen 168). Anshar and Kishar give birth to Anu, the sky god, who in turn begets what one translation calls "his likeness" (Heidel 18) Ea, the trickster god of the flowing waters, who is familiar to us as Enki.

Humorous Best Man Speech for Two Best Men -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Spe

Humorous Best Man Speech Written for Two Best Men Best man 1: Good evening everyone. I must warn you we are both pretty nervous about doing this speech. We have spent many a night awake, trying plan it to no avail. We were both so nervous about doing this speech we asked the groom for some advice on how to prepare for talking to a large audience. Best man 2: So he did. He told us to imagine that you are all naked, so if you don't mind, we are going to give it a go. (Stares, winks at people) Best man 1: Ladies and gentlemen, may I thank you for attending this wonderful occasion. You can all agree that today has been a great success, so far, they look absolutely stunning. So if you could raise your glasses. To the bride and groom. Best man 2 :Also, thanks must go to the beautiful bridesmaids, who did a fabulous job today getting the bride ready and making sure she didn't back out. So if you could please raise your glasses again. To the bridesmaids. In preparing for today the groom has given us a list of things we have to do, so if you don't mind, for our sake and for yours, we would just quickly like to run through it, sorry. (Get pens and list out of pockets) Make sure that the groom is dressed appropriately. Best man 2: No better than usual, check. (Pretends to check list) Best man 1: Ensure that the groom has been to the bathroom Best man 2: I made sure he went in there, but the rest is up to him! Best man 1: See that angry ex-girlfriends are kept at bay Best man 2: Errrmmm. I can't find any, most of them seem rather relieved. Best man 1: Bring a bag with the following items for emergencies. Best man 2: aspirin, antacid, deodorant, toothpaste, Viagra. Oh, sorry the groom wasn?t going to ment... ...g unless its shared by two. Congratulations to the bride and groom. Best man I : To end we would just like to read a few verses from this poem that is very close to our hearts. It is called ?The Power of Love? which was written by William Shakespeare. Best man 2: Wasn't it also covered by Huey Lewis and the News in 1985 for the film Back to the Future Best man 1: Yeah O.K. quiet. (sing) The power of love is a curious thing Make a one man weep, make another man sing. Change a hawk to a little white dove More than a feeling, that's the power of love. Best man 2: It's O.K. mate Pats him on the shoulder) Let me: You don't need money, don't take fame Don't need no credit card to ride this train. It?s strong and it's sudden and it's cruel sometimes but it might just save your life. Thats the power of love, that?s the power of love!! Thank you.

How Advertising Help to Sell the Product Essay

Advertising of products and services is a crucial market tool for enhances the competitive advantage of an organization in the marketplace. This is because advertising creates awareness among the public of the availability of the company product in the market (Hood, 2005). Another importance of advertising is that it serves the ultimate purpose of drawing public attention to a new product in the market. In addition to these, the practice of advertising can promote customer-organization communication, an element that functions to enhance mutual relationship with consumers and improve customer loyalty to the organization (McKay, 2006). The author of this essay seeks to identify and discuss the numerous advantages brought by advertising in selling a company product. The process of advertising company products is aimed at search to attract new customers into purchasing the products. Through advertising, the public get to know of the availability of a new product in the market (Hood, 2005). The sole purpose of producing new products in an organization is not only to meet the demands of customers but also to gain a strong market share for the organization. On the other hand, failure to inform the public of new technologies and products serves the ultimate purpose of delaying the marketing frequency of the product. Just to be appreciated is the fact that customer tend to go for products they have heard or seen before. Another important aspect of advertising a product is that it helps the targeted customer have a hint of the expected qualities and advantages of the product over other similar products in the market (American Business Media, 1999). It is commonly asserted that advertising is a game of playing with the human psychology. On the contrary, available statistical evidence has it that the human community is increasingly driven by advertisement of products and services. This is because through adverts, potential customers get to gain knowledge of the kind of product, its qualities, and how it could positively influence their lives. Advertising defines the reputation of an organization and its products to the general public. Effective advertising processes are instrumental in influencing a positive attitude of potential customers towards a given product. It is a common claim by some business analysts that buffing is part and parcel of the process of gaining competitive advantage in the marketplace for a business. On the contrary, failure by an organization to provide accurate information on the qualities of the advertised products risks its long-term marketing power of the products (McKay, 2006). Therefore, engaging in ethical advertising practices serves an important role in safeguarding the reputation of the organization in the public, thus opening a continuous demand for its products. In addition, advertising of products promotes customer loyalty to a particular organization. Just like any other business operation, customer relations are significantly guided by the responsiveness of an organization in meeting their demands (Hood, 2005). Such are also influenced by the effectiveness of the organization in informing its customers of new developments. This is because information distribution to the public instills some sense of care and appreciation of the customer as an important component of the organization. Therefore, advertising as a form of distributing information to the public on current product developments will enhance customer loyalty to the products of the organization. Still, it is worth noting that advertising is instrumental in allowing for customer reaction assessment practices in an organization (McKay, 2006). Like other product marketing practices, advertising functions the purpose of encouraging a company to evaluation the responsiveness of the target customers both to the adverts design and the product itself. Effective advertising should entail either two-way asymmetric model or two-way symmetric model of public relations management. This is because these models allows for having public feedback on the information communicated in the advert. Such are vital in devising more effective and reliable advertising approaches to win the confidence of the public. The practice of advertising functions to increase customer base of an organization beyond its geography boundaries (American Business Media, 1999). In the modern day economy, competition calls for ensuring continued expansion of the customer pool of an organization. To achieve this, numerous advertising techniques such as internet and the media are quite efficient. This is because they can be used to reach a large population within a short span of time. It is worth noting that internet marketing guarantees reaching of big numbers given the fact that it is accessible in almost all parts across the globe. Product advertising is fast, cost effective, reliable, and convenient. Compared to marketing practices such as road trip product demonstration, media and internet advertising is quite cheap and fast. On reliability, multimedia advertising practices boast of the advantage of be robust in delivering the information to the public compared to other forms of marketing practices. It is a common assertion that advertising brings convenience to the organization by reducing unnecessary movements of staff, an element that saves resources for other applications. Therefore, advertising is instrumental in overseeing the efficient and convenient selling of a company product.

Risk assessment template

This is a risk judicial decision form for assessing the risk of an activity not for the get on or set forth this is the indebtedness of the institution. If a risk is identified with the room or premises then a decision deals to be make whether the activity takes place until the risk is upstage or the level of risk is considered to be acceptable. guesss identified in relation to the premises should be identified on the deprivation for Action Form.A risk assessment is postcode more than a c arful enquiry of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you lavatory weigh up whether you welcome taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. The important things you withdraw to decide argon whether a bump is significant and whether you have it c everywhereed by satisfactory precautions so that the risk is small. You need to bump this when you assess the risks. Dont be over complicated, in most of our situations the hazards are some and simple. Checki ng them is common sense, but necessary.You probably already know whether, for example, you have equipment that could cause harm, or if thither is an awkward entrance or stair where someone could be hurt. If so, check that you have taken what reasonable precautions you can o avoid injury. Whilst a generic wine risk assessment is acceptable for a regular activity it must be reviewed and evaluated on a regular basis. Risk assessments will need to be change dependent on type of assembly (do you know the group? Are there any members of the group with expoundicular needs?Has the staff changed? You may have staff less competent than previously, have reinvigorated staff received instruction/ development? ) Overleaf are some examples, these are not fit for all activities and are only guidance in an assimilated situation. contingency WHO MIGHT BE HARMED WHAT PRECAUTIONS ARE IN PLACE HOW IS RISK CONTROLLED WHEN/BY WHOM physiologic Injury (sport) Lifting and handling of equipment Cuts, puncturing from sharp implements staff,YAP measure up/trained staff Staff transcend about their responsibilities.Conduct and instructions given to participants forward to activity. Equipment checked and manual handling procedures observed. equal to(predicate) warm up/warm down. attach dress code L part of induction process for new staff. train where appropriate. Appropriate handling equipment supplied I. E. Trolley. Incidents and near misses to be recorded. Incidents and near misses recorded Advise on safe practice given. Close watchfulness. hold level of qualification or grooming required. Agreed code of conduct.Equipment regularly maintain and recorded Analysis of incident reports. write information in induction packs reviewed. culture courses. Additional equipment identified at supervision sessions Agreed and written safe works practice Ongoing/staff ticker co-ordination 3 times per year by H Committee Training officer.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Most people have experienced prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination at some time in longer his or her life. There is no doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and bitter hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society. This paper will discuss prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in the context of personal social psychology; what the consequences of stereotyping and discrimination are; and strategies to improve attitudes, judgments, and behaviors.Social psychologists recognize prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination â€Å"by focusing on whether they involve feelings (affect), cognition, or behaviors.Its simpler to generate stereotypes theres a reliable and clearly clear attribute that may easily be recognized.Cognitive different schemas can cause stereotyping and contribute to prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about individuals involving how their membershi p in a particular group. These beliefs can be positive, negative, or unbiased.Stereotypes concerning gender, ethnicity, or profession is common in many societies.Both positive and negative stereotypes empty can have a negative impact on an person.

† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, sub para 1). Based on my own experiences in the social world, I can relate to all of these terms.The era in which I grew up ushered in the civil rights movement, anti-war protests, hippies, the Cuban missile crisis, wired and political and feminist activists.It may get down in birth.Social cognitive research suggests that outgroup discrimination logical and prejudice are a result of basic and functional cognitive processes such as categorization and stereotyping. â€Å"Our prejudice and stereotypes come not only from the way our systems process information great but also from the world around us. Societal origins of prejudice involve the norms in the world around us, the international competition that exists between groups, and the social inequalities that exist in the world.Ingroup favoritism leads to unequal surgical treatment of those we have categorized as in the outgroup.Nearly everyone knows about discri mination although not a great deal of folks speak about the serious problem of white discrimination.

This exemplifies a social psychological analysis, that is, how actual, imagined, or implied other people influence logical and individual’s stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † (Fiske, 2000, P. 303).Categories help us deal with large small amounts of information.It does not necessarily end with wealth.4). Competition for resources can also create prejudice. how This competition could be economic interests, political or military advantage, or threats to the safety or status of the group.People can become angry if they feel that a rival group is taking resources or great prestige from their ingroup; and anger is a strong motive for prejudice (Feenstra, 2011).Its a major problem in everyday lifestyles.

â€Å"Research also indicates that when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they become more likely to express prejudice. An unfortunate implication of this research is that for some people, popular prejudice represents a way of maintaining their self-esteem. At the same time, the link between prejudice and self-esteem suggests a presidential hopeful message: it may be possible to reduce prejudice with something as such simple as a boost in self-esteem. † (Plous, n.Its seen in the film too.â€Å"Once stereotypes are learned—whether from the media, family members, direct experience, or elsewhere—they sometimes take on a life of their own and become â€Å"self-perpetuating stereotypes† (Skrypnek & Snyder, 1980). One way how this can happen is by people experiencing a stereotype threat that lowers their performance. Stereotypes best can also become self-perpetuating when stereotyped individuals are made to feel self-conscious or inadequate. † (Plous, n.Its in the quantity of such discrimination thats antilocution.

â€Å"The roots of prejudice are many and varied. Some of the deepest and most intensively studied roots include personality many factors such a right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, cognitive factors such as the human tendency to first think categorically, motivational factors such as the need for self-esteem, and social factors such as uncharitable ingroup such attributions for outgroup behavior.Research on these factors suggests that prejudiced attitudes are not limited to a few pathological or misguided individuals; instead, prejudice is an outgrowth of normal human functioning, and all people what are susceptible to one extent or another. † (Plous, n.It can create prejudice.Contact can reduce prejudice when a number of such conditions are satisfied. Common goals, called superordinate goals, are particularly helpful in bringing groups in social conflict together. † (Feenstra, Ch. 6 Summary).Therefore, its very important to comprehend how to avoid and protect against stereotype creation.

People throughout the real world live with prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and the consequences of the resulting actions every day. There is no reasonable doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society.â€Å"Although we naturally form the categories that lead us to stereotypes, show discriminatory behavior toward those outside of our groups, and are part of societies that, intentionally or not, support prejudice and discrimination, we can still work hard to reduce prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination through our interactions with others. † (Feenstra, Ch.Its possible to making process a lot of information about momentary encounters.Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Retrieved from http://users. ox. ac.The behavior must be something thats realistic.

Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Fiske, S. T. (2000).Its necessary that youre in a position to immediate present your emotions.ubc. ca/~schaller/Psyc591Readings/Fiske2000. pdf Kabat-Zinn, J. (2010).Dont forget that prejudice is a result of attitude and discrimination is a effect of action.

& Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance of intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference.Personality logical and Social Psychology Review, Vol.Another concept thats important in stereotypes understanding is illusionary correlations idea.uni-jena. de/ss2009/sozpsy_uj/86956663/content. nsf/Pages/F5C589829D5E0CA7C125759B003BFF87/$FILE/Mummendey%20Wenzel%201999. pdf Plous, S.The motives might be absolutely different.

Wesleyan University. Retrieved from http://sscholar. google. co.Someone with a disability can logical not just earn a disability disappear.Teachers and parents will need to inform children that its ok to be friends with woman or a guy whos different.Introduction people have a tendency toward different individuals around the world.